CF assisted in
For acquisition of data and writing the manuscript. CF assisted in the isolation of neutrophils, participated in the design of the study and assisted in drafting the manuscript. MZ performed the statistical analysis. AC participated in study design, drafting the manuscript, and revising it critically. SG participated in study design, drafting the manuscript, and revising it critically. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Received: 27 August 2011 Accepted: 9 January 2012 Published: 9 January 2012 References 1. Turk BE: Manipulation of host signalling pathways by anthrax toxins. Biochem J 2007, 402:405-417. 2. Ahuja N, Kumar P, Bhatnagar R: The adenylate cyclase toxins. Crit Rev Microbiol 2004, 30:187-196. 3. Dal MF, Tonello F, Ladant D, Zornetta I, Zamparo I, Di BG, et al: Cell entry PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12027669 and cAMP imaging of anthrax edema toxin. EMBO J 2006, 25:5405-5413.Nguyen et al. BMC Microbiology 2012, 12:2 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/12/Page 12 of4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21. 22.23.24.Bonuccelli G, Sotgia F, Frank PG, Williams TM, de Almeida CJ, Tanowitz HB, et al: ATR/TEM8 is highly expressed in epithelial cells lining Bacillus anthracis' three sites of entry: implications for the pathogenesis of anthrax infection. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005, 288:C1402-C1410. Scobie HM, Rainey GJ, Bradley KA, Young JA: Human capillary morphogenesis protein 2 functions as an anthrax toxin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100:5170-5174. Guo Q, Shen Y, Zhukovskaya NL, Florian J, Tang WJ: Structural and kinetic analyses of the interaction of anthrax adenylyl cyclase toxin with reaction products cAMP and pyrophosphate. J Biol Chem 2004, 279:29427-29435. Hong PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/744568 (S)-2-((((9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid J, Doebele RC, Lingen MW, Quilliam LA, Tang WJ, Rosner MR: Anthrax edema toxin inhibits endothelial cell chemotaxis via Epac and Rap1. J Biol Chem 2007, 282:19781-19787. Hoover DL, Friedlander AM, Rogers LC, Yoon IK, Warren RL, Cross AS: Anthrax edema toxin differentially regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 by increasing intracellular cyclic AMP. Infect Immun 1994, 62:4432-4439. Szarowicz SE, During RL, Li W, Quinn CP, Tang WJ, Southwick FS: Bacillus anthracis edema toxin impairs neutrophil actin-based motility. Infect Immun 2009, 77:2455-2464. Lorenowicz MJ, Fernandez-Borja M, Hordijk PL: cAMP signaling in leukocyte transendothelial (S)-tert-Butyl 6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-azaspiro[2.4]heptane-5-carboxylate migration. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007, 27:1014-1022. Fukuhara S, Sakurai A, Sano H, Yamagishi A, Somekawa S, Takakura N, et al: Cyclic AMP potentiates vascular endothelial cadherin-mediated cell-cell contact to enhance endothelial barrier function through an Epac-Rap1 signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2005, 25:136-146. Kooistra MR, Corada M, Dejana E, Bos JL: Epac1 regulates integrity of endothelial cell junctions through VE-cadherin. FEBS Lett 2005, 579:4966-4972. Price LS, Hajdo-Milasinovic A, Zhao J, Zwartkruis FJ, Collard JG, Bos JL: Rap1 regulates E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. J Biol Chem 2004, 279:35127-35132. Rangarajan S, Enserink JM, Kuiperij HB, de RJ, Price LS, Schwede F, et al: Cyclic AMP induces integrin-mediated cell adhesion through Epac and Rap1 upon stimulation of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor. J Cell Biol 2003, 160:487-493. Lorenowicz MJ, van GJ, de BM, Hordijk PL, Fernandez-Borja M: Epac1-Rap1 signaling regulates monocyte adhesion and chemotaxis. J Leukoc Biol 2006, 80:1542-1552. Kang G, Joseph JW, Chepurny OG, Monaco M, Wheeler.
For acquisition of data and writing the manuscript. CF assisted in the isolation of neutrophils, participated in the design of the study and assisted in drafting the manuscript. MZ performed the statistical analysis. AC participated in study design, drafting the manuscript, and revising it critically. SG participated in study design, drafting the manuscript, and revising it critically. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Received: 27 August 2011 Accepted: 9 January 2012 Published: 9 January 2012 References 1. Turk BE: Manipulation of host signalling pathways by anthrax toxins. Biochem J 2007, 402:405-417. 2. Ahuja N, Kumar P, Bhatnagar R: The adenylate cyclase toxins. Crit Rev Microbiol 2004, 30:187-196. 3. Dal MF, Tonello F, Ladant D, Zornetta I, Zamparo I, Di BG, et al: Cell entry PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12027669 and cAMP imaging of anthrax edema toxin. EMBO J 2006, 25:5405-5413.Nguyen et al. BMC Microbiology 2012, 12:2 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/12/Page 12 of4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21. 22.23.24.Bonuccelli G, Sotgia F, Frank PG, Williams TM, de Almeida CJ, Tanowitz HB, et al: ATR/TEM8 is highly expressed in epithelial cells lining Bacillus anthracis' three sites of entry: implications for the pathogenesis of anthrax infection. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005, 288:C1402-C1410. Scobie HM, Rainey GJ, Bradley KA, Young JA: Human capillary morphogenesis protein 2 functions as an anthrax toxin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100:5170-5174. Guo Q, Shen Y, Zhukovskaya NL, Florian J, Tang WJ: Structural and kinetic analyses of the interaction of anthrax adenylyl cyclase toxin with reaction products cAMP and pyrophosphate. J Biol Chem 2004, 279:29427-29435. Hong PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/744568 (S)-2-((((9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid J, Doebele RC, Lingen MW, Quilliam LA, Tang WJ, Rosner MR: Anthrax edema toxin inhibits endothelial cell chemotaxis via Epac and Rap1. J Biol Chem 2007, 282:19781-19787. Hoover DL, Friedlander AM, Rogers LC, Yoon IK, Warren RL, Cross AS: Anthrax edema toxin differentially regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 by increasing intracellular cyclic AMP. Infect Immun 1994, 62:4432-4439. Szarowicz SE, During RL, Li W, Quinn CP, Tang WJ, Southwick FS: Bacillus anthracis edema toxin impairs neutrophil actin-based motility. Infect Immun 2009, 77:2455-2464. Lorenowicz MJ, Fernandez-Borja M, Hordijk PL: cAMP signaling in leukocyte transendothelial (S)-tert-Butyl 6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-azaspiro[2.4]heptane-5-carboxylate migration. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007, 27:1014-1022. Fukuhara S, Sakurai A, Sano H, Yamagishi A, Somekawa S, Takakura N, et al: Cyclic AMP potentiates vascular endothelial cadherin-mediated cell-cell contact to enhance endothelial barrier function through an Epac-Rap1 signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2005, 25:136-146. Kooistra MR, Corada M, Dejana E, Bos JL: Epac1 regulates integrity of endothelial cell junctions through VE-cadherin. FEBS Lett 2005, 579:4966-4972. Price LS, Hajdo-Milasinovic A, Zhao J, Zwartkruis FJ, Collard JG, Bos JL: Rap1 regulates E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. J Biol Chem 2004, 279:35127-35132. Rangarajan S, Enserink JM, Kuiperij HB, de RJ, Price LS, Schwede F, et al: Cyclic AMP induces integrin-mediated cell adhesion through Epac and Rap1 upon stimulation of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor. J Cell Biol 2003, 160:487-493. Lorenowicz MJ, van GJ, de BM, Hordijk PL, Fernandez-Borja M: Epac1-Rap1 signaling regulates monocyte adhesion and chemotaxis. J Leukoc Biol 2006, 80:1542-1552. Kang G, Joseph JW, Chepurny OG, Monaco M, Wheeler.